Grupo de Investigación Histórica. CEIS
Este 2019 nos disponemos a conmemorar varios hitos del proceso de independencia de las repúblicas bolivarianas, y como era de esperarse, las disputas políticas en torno a la verdad histórica comienzan a hacerse visibles. La semana pasada, el presidente Duque aseguró ante el secretario de Estado de USA, Mike Pompeo, de visita en Cartagena, que el apoyo de los padres fundadores de Estados Unidos fue “crucial” para la consecución de la independencia de Colombia. La afirmación claramente busca mostrar hoy a los Estados Unidos como adalid de la democracia a nivel continental, y desvirtuar de paso los discursos soberanos que se intenten construir en torno a la celebración del bicentenario.
El presidente Duque y sus colaboradores intentan tergiversar la historia, cuando no reescribirla, con el fin de legitimar sus proyectos políticos. Sus palabras buscan borrar, ahí sí, hechos cruciales relacionados con nuestra independencia y con la política internacional norteamericana de principios del siglo XIX.
Ni ayuda ni neutralidad
De entrada, hay que decir que los Estados Unidos nunca llegaron a prestar ninguna ayuda militar, económica o política a ninguna república hispanoamericana en su lucha por la independencia. Por el contrario, el país del norte se declara neutral ante los conflictos que estallaron entre los independentistas hispanoamericanos y España. La posición estadounidense se explica inicialmente como un acto de solidaridad con España por el apoyo que los ibéricos le habían prestado a los norteamericanos durante su lucha independentista (1775-1783).
Pero lo cierto es que Estados Unidos nunca mantuvo una estricta neutralidad en el conflicto. Cuando España superó la ocupación francesa e inició la campaña de reconquista, los norteamericanos abrieron un activo comercio de armas y otros pertrechos con las fuerzas realistas de Venezuela y la Nueva Granada. Con estos actos Estados Unidos esperaba lograr de España la cesión de la Florida, por ese entonces una colonia ibérica. Al gobierno estadounidense no le importaba la independencia de Hispanoamérica, sino satisfacer sus intereses expansionistas a costa del esfuerzo de los americanos en su empeño por romper el yugo colonial español.
Desde 1810 diplomáticos neogranadinos y venezolanos intentaron repetidamente conseguir de parte del gobierno estadounidense una expresión de apoyo hacia las nuevas repúblicas, pero todos sus actos fueron infructuosos. Por ello, Bolívar expresó su frustración por la inanición que había demostrado el gobierno estadounidense, tal como se puede ver en la Carta de Jamaica de 1815.
Pero, mientras la cínica neutralidad estadounidense daba paso al soterrado apoyo a España, Bolívar comenzó a confrontar la política exterior norteamericana. En 1817 tropas venezolanas detuvieron dos embarcaciones de bandera estadounidense que llevaban armas para los realistas en Guayana. Ante este suceso, el Libertador denunció la supuesta neutralidad de la república del norte, diciendo “que [los norteamericanos] olvidando lo que se debe a la fraternidad, a la amistad y a los principios liberales que seguimos, han intentado y ejecutado burlar el bloqueo y el sitio de las plazas de Guayana y Angostura, para dar armas a unos verdugos y para alimentar a unos tigres, que por tres siglos han derramado la mayor parte de la sangre americana […] No son neutrales los que prestan armas y municiones de boca y guerra a unas plazas sitiadas y legalmente bloqueadas”.
El bicentenario, la paz, y la autodeterminación
Bolívar fue comprendiendo que los Estados Unidos buscaban sacar el mejor provecho de la lucha independentista en Hispanoamérica para favorecer sus propios intereses. Por eso, en 1820 advertía a su secretario general, José Tomás Revenga: “Jamás conducta ha sido más infame que la de los norteamericanos con nosotros: ya ven decidida la suerte de las cosas y con protestas y ofertas, quien sabe si falsas, nos quieren lisonjear para intimar a los españoles y hacerles entrar en sus intereses”.
Así pues, no es gratuito que Bolívar, poco antes de su muerte, en 1829, expresara tajantemente que “los Estados Unidos parecen destinados por la Providencia a plagar la América de miserias en nombre de la libertad”.
A propósito de las erradas palabras de Duque, es necesario resaltar que en el bicentenario debemos conmemorar una lucha propia de los americanos contra fuerzas coloniales para forjar sus propios destinos como pueblos soberanos, en condiciones de paz, y de respeto al principio del derecho internacional de no intervención. Tal lucha tiene más vigencia hoy que nunca.
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