Según la Unicef, 152 millones de infantes trabajan en el mundo, casi la mitad bajo condiciones peligrosas
Juan Carlos Hurtado Fonseca
@Aurelianolatino
Son las diez de la mañana y transcurre un día normal entre semana en Bogotá. En Transmilenio ya hay espacio para que una madre acompañada de su hijo de siete años venda dulces justificándose en la necesidad de comer algo y pagar una habitación. La mayoría de pasajeros la ignoran. Otros pocos le dan unas monedas.
Ocho de la mañana en una mina ilegal de carbón en socavón en el departamento de Antioquia. Un menudo párvulo es usado como un topo para que a más de doscientos metros de profundidad se escurra entre recovecos, con una pica arranque pequeñas rocas del mineral y los saque a la superficie en un balde.
Seis de la mañana en una alejada vereda del campo colombiano. Una niña de 10 años, a la que le han adaptado el cabo de un pequeño azadón al tamaño de sus manos, araña un surco para fertilizarlo y es la encargada de alcanzar el guarapo al resto de trabajadores.
Cualquiera de las escenas ya es familiar en Colombia. Incluso así, no deja de alarmar que 152 millones de niños en todo el mundo estén obligados a trabajar. La cifra muestra la dimensión de un problema generado por el modelo económico para el que no se han tomado medidas que lo erradiquen, aunque del año 2000 a 2016 la cifra se redujo en 100 millones.
El dato fue expuesto el pasado 12 de junio -Día Mundial contra el Trabajo Infantil-, por parte del director del Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia, Unicef, en Alemania, Christian Schneider, en un encuentro con autoridades europeas en el que se discutió sobre problemas económicos y el flagelo en cuestión.
Para este organismo de Naciones Unidas trabajo infantil es toda actividad para la cual los menores de edad aún son demasiado pequeños, que se da en condiciones peligrosas o de explotación. También trabajos que generan daños físicos o psíquicos, así como actividades que evitan que puedan ir a la escuela.
La situación es más grave en países africanos donde uno de cada cinco niños es obligado a trabajar, es decir, 72 millones; y 62 millones en Asia. En América Latina y el Caribe el fenómeno afecta a más de 10.5 millones de niños y adolescentes, de los cuales, 6.3 millones se encuentran en trabajo infantil peligroso.
Las intenciones
Por su parte, la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, OIT, que se encuentra sesionando por estos días en Ginebra, Suiza, fundamentada en la búsqueda de la promoción del trabajo decente y la justicia social reaccionó al pronunciamiento de la Unicef: “El trabajo infantil existe en casi todos los sectores, sin embargo, 7 de cada 10 niños en situación de trabajo infantil trabajan en el sector de la agricultura.
“Este año, el Día mundial contra el Trabajo Infantil examinará los avances logrados a lo largo de los 100 años de apoyo de la OIT a los países para luchar contra el trabajo infantil. También miraremos con interés hacia la Meta 8.7 de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de las Naciones Unidas, la cual fue establecida por la comunidad internacional e insta a adoptar medidas inmediatas y eficaces para eliminar el trabajo infantil en todas sus formas de aquí a 2025”.
Deficiencias afectivas
Pero, ¿qué afectaciones pueden haber en personas que se han visto obligadas a interrumpir su ciclo normal de vida para asumir responsabilidades de adultos? VOZ consultó a tres profesionales diferentes quienes entregaron su mirada del problema.
Sergio Isaza, médico pediatra y presidente de la Federación Médica Colombiana, dijo que los niños son seres humanos en crecimiento y desarrollo, y para que lleguen a la edad adulta en las mejores condiciones deben trasegar por todas las etapas que corresponden a infancia, adolescencia y juventud.
“En toda esa experiencia está la capacidad de desarrollar al máximo todas sus habilidades mentales y emocionales, y cuando se ven sujetos a una condición como la del trabajo obligatorio van a crecer con deficiencias afectivas y de neurodesarrollo, que posiblemente no les van permitir tener las mejores posibilidades”, comenta el galeno.
Para el médico, los adultos que debieron trabajar de niños pueden tener deficiencias en el conocimiento: “Es decir, una mayor proximidad con la ignorancia y esta es el mejor instrumento para dominar, doblegar y mantener a las personas lejanas de sus derechos”.
Por su parte, la psicóloga y especialista en psicología clínica, María Camila González, quien tiene una amplia experiencia en trabajo con niños, argumentó: “Hay unos hitos del desarrollo y el desarrollo cerebral se da a través de los ciclos de la vida. Los niños tienen unas etapas de crecimiento y en la primera infancia tienen el mayor nivel de aprendizaje que se pueda tener de diferentes fuentes. Por eso es tan importante y muchos gobiernos están enfocados en la primera infancia.
“El cerebro tiene unas rutas neuronales, recorre muchos caminos y en esa edad es perfecto para aprender otro idioma, habilidades sociales y reconocimiento de lugares. Hay un nivel de productividad muy alto, por eso deben estar escolarizados, porque son escenarios diseñados para el desarrollo de la inteligencia”.
María Camila comenta que el cerebro de un niño no está preparado para las demandas del trabajo, ya que son para un cerebro adulto, donde está la concepción del dinero, de ganar, de vender, y esto genera estrés.
Las salidas
Por otra parte, Inéride Álvarez, licenciada en psicopedagogía, con dos maestrías, una en Educación y otra en Educación y TICs, expresó que el problema está relacionado con que los niños asuman ese tipo de responsabilidades de manera temprana, lo que implica que saltan o suspenden etapas de su vida como jugar, compartir, la socialización en el colegio, el aprendizaje a través del juego, y eso genera una ruptura con la inocencia para tener que ver por el trabajo, rendir cuentas y en general tener responsabilidades que no son equiparables con el desarrollo mental, cognitivo, emocional y social. Además, se pueden tener adultos con dificultades de interacción social, frustraciones y rencores.
La Central Unitaria de Trabajadores, CUT, también reaccionó ante el dato de la Unicef. Timoteo Romero, director de su Departamento de Juventud y Niñez, comentó: “Para nosotros la explicación de esto es el modelo económico que por ejemplo en nuestro caso ya subió a dos dígitos el desempleo, para los jóvenes en 16%, y el Gobierno mantiene una informalidad entre el 40 y 50%, cuando sabemos que si se incluyen todas las variables está por encima del 70”.
En cuanto a búsqueda de soluciones anotó: “Los padres deben tener trabajos dignos para que los hijos se dediquen a estudiar, pero eso no se puede hacer por la paupérrima situación laboral, menos ahora con las políticas de emprendimiento que sin el apoyo o aval del Estado tienden a quebrar cualquier tipo de empresa. Esto incide de manera directa en la erradicación del trabajo infantil”.
El problema está lejos de ser erradicado. Pasa por cambios de carácter económico y político en cada país para que lemas como el de Naciones Unidas, “¡Los niños no deberían trabajar en el campo, sino en sus sueños!” dejen de ser parte de recetarios de buenas intenciones y se conviertan en realidades.
[…] 152 millones de niños trabajan en el mundo: Unicef […]
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